Energy partitioning in H₂ formation on interstellar carbonaceous grains. Insights from <i>ab initio</i> molecular dynamics simulations

Molecular hydrogen (H₂) stands as the most abundant molecule within the interstellar medium (ISM), primarily originating from the coupling of two H atoms on the surfaces of dust grains. The role of dust grains during the H₂ formation is of third bodies, dissipating the nascent reaction energy and thereby stabilizing the newly formed molecule and preventing it from dissociating back. Whether the formed H₂ remains adsorbed or not on the surface (in this latter case undergoing chemical desorption, CD) largely depends on the type of grain and its capability to absorb the reaction energy excess. In diffuse interstellar clouds, dust grains are typically bare and are composed primarily of silicates or carbonaceous materials, while in denser regions they are covered in ices mostly of water. While water-ice-covered grains have been elucidated to be efficient third bodies, the behavior of carbonaceous grains is still unknown. In this study, <i>ab initio</i> molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations are employed to analyze how the reaction energy is distributed between the newly formed H₂ and a large graphene slab, as a model of carbonaceous grains in diffuse clouds, and assess the feasibility of CD. The results indicate that only a fraction of the reaction energy is absorbed by the surface, leaving the newly formed H₂ with sufficient internal energy for CD to occur.