Effects of High Lipid Diet and Bromelain Enzyme on Body Weight, Lipase Gene Expression, and Blood Parameters in Mice BALB/c

The study examined the effects of high protein and lipid diets and bromelain enzyme supplementation on weight, liver enzymes, hematological, and lipid profiles of mice. A total of 25 male mice BALB/C with 7 weeks of age were used in the experiment. The treatment groups were as follows: (1) Control group (no addition in diet), (2) high lipid (HL, 4 g/mice), (3) high protein (HP, 4 g/mice), (4) HL + bromelain enzyme (HLB, 4 mg/mice), and (5) HP + bromelain enzyme (HPB, 4 mg/mice). Body weight gain rate of the control group was lower than the HL group, and the HLB group had a higher rate than the HPB group ( p < 0.01). Liver enzyme levels were higher in the high‐fat diet group, but bromelain mitigated this effect. Hematological results showed that the high‐fat diet decreased platelet counts while increasing RBC, HGB, and WBC, whereas the protein diet improved platelet formation. Bromelain improved RBC and HGB levels in the high‐fat diet, indicating a protective effect. Lipid analysis showed that the high‐fat diet elevated harmful lipid levels, while the high‐protein diet reduced some. Bromelain improved lipid profiles across both diets, suggesting cardiovascular benefits. The high‐fat diet also raised creatinine and urea levels, indicative of kidney impairment, an effect exacerbated by a high‐protein diet; however, bromelain supplementation reduced these levels, indicating kidney protection. The study found that high‐fat diets increased oxidative stress markers, which were alleviated by bromelain. While PMN viability remained unchanged, phagocytosis rates increased with a high‐protein diet and were further enhanced with bromelain in high‐fat diets but not in high‐protein diets. Moreover, bromelain significantly increased lipase gene expression in the high‐fat diet, indicating enhanced fat metabolism, though it lowered lipase expression when combined with protein. Histological analyses illustrated severe liver and kidney damage in the high‐fat diet group, marked by liver congestion and fatty degeneration, alongside renal damage, including atrophy and hemorrhage.