Foreign Economic Security of the Russian Federation under Sanctions Pressure: Challenges, Threats, and Adaptation Pathways

The modern Russian economy operates under unprecedented sanctions pressure, which began in 2014 and intensified after 2022, making the study of foreign economic security highly relevant. As of March 2025, Russia has faced over 18,000 restrictive measures, including asset freezes and technology export bans, resulting in losses of $200–250 billion (Central Bank of Russia). The relevance of this study is driven by the need to analyze the impact of sanctions on the economy's resilience and to identify pathways for its adaptation to global turbulence. The core issue lies in persistent long-term risks—such as technological lag, capital flight, and resource dependency—despite short-term successes (e.g., 3.8% GDP growth in 2024). The practical significance of this work is linked to the development of measures to strengthen foreign economic security, including export diversification and innovative development, which are crucial for state policy. Expected outcomes include an assessment of current challenges (e.g., trade reorientation toward India and parallel imports through Kazakhstan) and the proposal of adaptation strategies. In conclusion, it is emphasized that success by 2030 will depend on increased funding for science, the creation of a national technology system, and enhanced capital flow controls, which will ensure Russia's competitiveness under sanctions.