Ocean bathymetry: Decadal advances, persistent challenges, and future horizons

The article provides an overview of ocean bathymetry advancements since 2015, which demonstrates how multibeam sonar and satellite-derived bathymetry, along with LiDAR and unmanned systems, improved both ranges and mapping precision. Mapping technology faces multiple obstacles, including data paucity and political barriers, while access to technology remains unequal across nations, so integrated efforts through projects such as Seabed 2030 receive strong emphasis. The article suggests future approaches using artificial intelligence, citizen hydrospatial sciences participation and blockchain technology, which aim to improve access to ocean mapping data while setting maritime safety benchmarks, increase the knowledge, understanding of the hydrospatial domain and sustainable development goals.