Clinical Applications and Research Progress of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) in Orthopedic Diseases

骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)因其多向分化潜能、自我更新能力及旁分泌特性，已成为骨科疾病再生治疗的研究热点。近年研究聚焦于BMSCs在骨缺损、股骨头坏死、骨关节炎、脊髓损伤等难治性疾病中的应用机制与临床转化。BMSCs可通过分化为成骨细胞、软骨细胞及神经细胞，结合生物支架材料、基因修饰或药物干预，促进组织再生与功能恢复。本文系统综述了BMSC在骨折与骨缺损修复、股骨头坏死、骨关节炎、脊髓损伤等骨科难治性疾病中的研究进展，总结BMSCs在骨科疾病治疗中的应用现状，分析现存挑战，并展望其未来发展方向，以期为临床转化提供理论依据。Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have emerged as a pivotal research focus in regenera-tive therapy for orthopedic diseases due to their multipotent differentiation capacity, self-renewal ability, and paracrine properties. Recent studies have concentrated on elucidating the mechanistic roles and clinical translation of BMSCs in refractory conditions such as bone defects, osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), osteoarthritis (OA), and spinal cord injury (SCI). BMSCs facilitate tissue regeneration and functional recovery through differentiation into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and neural cells, combined with biomaterial scaffolds, genetic modification, or pharmacological interventions. This article systematically reviews advances in BMSC-based strategies for treating orthopedic refractory diseases, including fracture and bone defect repair, ONFH, OA, and SCI. It summarizes the current applications of BMSCs in orthopedic therapeutics, analyzes existing challenges, and proposes future directions to inform clinical translation with robust theoretical foundations.