Epidemiological Investigation of Rare Bone and Joint Diseases in Alpine Pastoral Areas—A Case Study of Osteogenesis Imperfecta in Altay Prefecture

本综述聚焦高寒牧区骨关节罕见病，以阿勒泰地区成骨不全症为研究对象，系统梳理成骨不全症的疾病特征、流行病学研究方法及国内外研究现状。结合阿勒泰地区特殊的高寒地理环境、生活方式与民族遗传背景，分析该地区成骨不全症流行病学调查的必要性与特殊性，旨在为高寒牧区骨关节罕见病防控提供理论依据与研究方向参考，推动区域罕见病防治体系的完善。成骨不全症作为一种罕见的单基因遗传性骨病，以骨量低下、骨骼脆性增加和反复骨折为主要特征，新生儿患病率约为1/15000~1/20000。其发病由I型胶原编码基因及其代谢相关基因突变所致，致使胶原蛋白形成缺陷。阿勒泰地区作为典型的高寒牧区，独特的地理环境、生活方式与民族遗传背景，为研究成骨不全症在特殊环境下的流行病学特征提供了天然样本。本研究突破了以往对成骨不全症单一因素分析的局限，构建了地理–生活–遗传的三维分析框架，为高寒牧区罕见病防治策略制定提供了理论依据。后续研究可在此基础上，建立长期监测体系，推动精准医疗与文化适应相结合的防治模式，提升对高寒牧区成骨不全症的综合管理水平。This review focuses on rare bone and joint diseases in high-altitude pastoral areas, taking osteogenesis imperfecta in Altay region as the research object. It systematically reviews the disease characteristics, epidemiological research methods, and current research status at home and abroad. Combining the unique high-altitude geographical environment, lifestyle, and ethnic genetic background of Altay region, it analyzes the necessity and particularity of conducting epidemiological investigations on osteogenesis imperfecta in this region. The aim is to provide theoretical basis and research direction references for the prevention and control of rare bone and joint diseases in high-altitude pastoral areas, and to promote the improvement of the regional rare disease prevention and control system. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare single-gene hereditary bone disease, characterized by low bone mass, increased bone fragility, and repeated fractures. The neonatal incidence rate is approximately 1/15,000 to 1/20,000. Its onset is caused by mutations in type I collagen encoding genes and related metabolic genes, resulting in collagen formation defects. As a typical high-altitude pastoral area, Altay region’s unique geographical environment, lifestyle, and ethnic genetic background provide natural samples for studying the epidemiological characteristics of osteogenesis imperfecta in special environments. This study breaks through the limitations of previous single-factor analysis of osteogenesis imperfecta and constructs a three-dimensional analysis framework of geography-lifestyle-genetics, providing a theoretical basis for the formulation of prevention and control strategies for rare diseases in high-altitude pastoral areas. Subsequent research can build on this foundation to establish a long-term monitoring system and promote a prevention and control model that combines precision medicine and cultural adaptation, improving the comprehensive management level of osteogenesis imperfecta in high-altitude pastoral areas.