Globalization as a concept and historical phenomenon: evolution of the term and its modern interpretation

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the concept of "globalization" with an emphasis on its historical formation, conceptual evolution, and interdisciplinary nature. The etymological origin of the term from the Latin «globus» is determined, which later acquired semantic development in the French version «mondialization», and was supplanted by the English term «globalization». It is shown that although in some languages these terms are equated, in scientific discourse globalization is interpreted as a new stage of world integration, which involves the blurring of national borders and the strengthening of transnational economic, political and cultural ties. The study examines origins of globalization processes in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, associated with the development of transport and communication technologies that contributed to the growth of international trade and tourism. Considerable attention is paid to the period of the second half of the twentieth century, when after the Second World War there was a rapid growth of the global economy, enhanced by the activities of such institutions as the European Union and international trade organizations. The role of the Internet as a driving force of the Third Industrial Revolution, which provided a new level of global integration of production and scientific processes, is also considered. The article analyzes contemporary scientific publications that trace new interpretations of globalization, in particular in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, military conflicts, regionalism, and post-globalization transformation. The results of the study on «deglobalization» and «re-globalization» are presented. It is concluded that Ukrainian scholars are also actively studying globalization, mainly analyzing its impact on Ukraine and its place in the world, especially in view of current events. Сlassification of the main areas of globalization (economic, political, cultural) and points out the growth of negative global influence is provided. It is concluded that globalization is not only an economic but also a complex cultural, social and political phenomenon that continues to transform, maintaining its multidimensionality and ambivalence in the global context.