Harm-Aware IoT-Powered Smart Digital Fencing Framework for Real-Time Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Using Solar Energy

Human-animal conflicts, particularly in agricultural and forest zones, pose significant challenges, including resource loss, human safety risks, and disruption to transportation systems such as railways near forested areas. To address these issues, this framework proposes an innovative solution termed "Digital Fencing," which leverages AI-driven technologies to detect and deter wildlife intrusion effectively. The system integrates advanced hardware components such as Raspberry Pi 4, ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, high-beam lights (5000K color temperature), GSM modules, and a 360-degree surveillance camera with a range of 100 meters. Using Python-based image processing algorithms, the Raspberry Pi processes live camera feeds to identify animals by comparing captured images with preuploaded datasets. Upon detecting a potential threat, the system triggers deterrents like ultrasonic sounds and high-beam lights to chase animals away. Additionally, it sends alerts via GSM to notify concerned authorities and travelers about the intrusion. The solution also incorporates sustainable energy components, including a solar panel and a rechargeable 50-watt battery, ensuring uninterrupted operation. With an accuracy rate of 91%, the system addresses critical issues such as nighttime railway accidents caused by wildlife intrusion and reduces human-animal conflicts in nearby villages or settlements. By utilizing AI and machine learning models for real-time animal detection and classification, this framework provides a proactive mechanism to safeguard human lives, agricultural resources, and transportation infrastructure. This innovative approach not only minimizes human-animal conflicts but also promotes coexistence by ensuring non-invasive deterrence methods.