Impact of raptor predation on racing pigeon losses: Insights from Bulgaria and implications for mitigation strategies

Abstract Racing pigeons confront predation pressure from birds of prey, resulting in human-wildlife conflict and potential illegal persecution of raptors. Despite perceptions among pigeon fanciers, empirical evidence substantiating raptors as the primary threat remains scant. This study aimed to quantify raptor predation on racing pigeons in Bulgaria, identify high-risk areas, and assess mitigation measures. Data were collected through questionnaires and GPS-tracking of pigeon flights during races. Preventive methods such as bright-colored wing patches and painted eyespots were tested. Results revealed raptor attacks as a major cause of pigeon loss, particularly prevalent during spring and in upland woodlands. Pigeons marked with repellents had higher survival rates than unmarked ones, suggesting partial effectiveness of the prevention methods. Phenology data on raptor attacks and appropriate preventive measures, established in close collaboration with pigeon fanciers, can facilitate mitigating human-raptor conflict. Further research and conservation initiatives are advocated to address this persistent issue. This study underlines the importance of incorporating stakeholder perspectives and deploying targeted conservation strategies to alleviate human-wildlife conflicts involving raptors and racing pigeons.