Litter production and nutrient return in fodder bank systems in the sub-humid tropics of Mexico

Summary Integrating trees and shrubs into agroecosystems increases soil nutrients and organic matter, which helps in the recovery of degraded tropical soils. However, selecting the most appropriate tree and shrub species as sources of nutrients and organic matter requires knowledge of their productive potential. The study aimed to evaluate litter productivity and nutrient input to the soil of three tropical silvopastoral fodder bank species. Litter input from Tithonia diversifolia, Leucaena leucocephala , and Moringa oleifera was quantified monthly for one year. We found that the litterfall amount was greatest ( p < 0.05) from T. diversifolia (1.81 t ha –1 yr –1 ) compared to L. leucocephala (1.26 t ha –1 yr –1 ) and M. oleifera (118 t ha –1 yr –1 ). Indeed, T. diversifolia had a greater ( p < 0.05) input of biomass from leaves (1.36 t ha –1 yr –1 ) compared to L. leucocephala (0.901 t ha –1 yr –1 ) and M. oleifera (0.869 t ha –1 yr –1 ). The highest biomass input ( p < 0.05) occurred in September to the three species, T. diversifolia (0.516 t ha –1 ), L. leucocephala (0.243 t ha –1 ), and M. oleifera (0.233 t ha –1 ), and the lowest biomass input occurred in March. Furthermore, the greatest annual input of carbon (0.687 t ha –1 yr –1 ), nitrogen (0.030 t ha –1 yr –1 ), and phosphorus (0.006 t ha –1 yr –1 ) to the soil originated from T. diversifolia . Our study showed that T. diversifolia had the greatest capacity to produce biomass that potentially can reintroduce nutrients and contribute to the recovery process of degraded soil due to its high litter productivity, besides, a combination of these three species also improves soil nutrients in fodder banks when do not hauling forage for livestock, contributing to sustainability of system.