METHODS OF 5G MOBILE NETWORK VIRTUALISATION: ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Background. This paper examines approaches to Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) in fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks. It analyses modern implementation methods of these technologies, their role in building a flexible, scalable, and efficient network infrastructure, as well as key challenges and future prospects for their development. Objective. The paper aims to explore architectural solutions that effectively decouple network functions from hardware, enabling dynamic orchestration and automated resource management. To achieve this, an overview of key models for network function distribution in 5G is provided, including full cloud migration, C-plane migration to the cloud, and a scenario-based approach to load distribution between cloud and mobile infrastructure. Particular attention is given to network management concepts using SDN, the separation of the control and user planes (C-plane/U-plane), and their impact on network performance, latency, and scalability. The paper presents a review of current research in 5G standardisation, identifies potential directions for the development of NFV and SDN technologies, and outlines key challenges that require further study to achieve high efficiency and reliability in next-generation mobile networks. Methods. The study employs an analytical research method that includes the systematisation of existing approaches to network function virtualisation (NFV) in 5G networks. A comparative analysis of architectural solutions for the migration of network functions to the cloud has been conducted, evaluating their advantages and disadvantages, as well as analysing the impact of SDN and NFV on network performance and scalability. Special attention is given to the distribution of network functions between the central cloud, peripheral computing nodes (MEC), and mobile infrastructure. Results. The study identified key approaches to implementing Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) in 5G mobile networks. The analysis of existing architectural solutions demonstrated that NFV reduces dependency on specialised hardware and enhances resource allocation flexibility, while SDN optimises network management through centralised control and load distribution. Three primary strategies for network function migration in 5G were examined: full cloud migration, C-plane migration to the cloud, and a scenario-based approach. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were determined, along with their impact on network performance, latency, and scalability. Conclusions. The study confirmed that the implementation of NFV and SDN in 5G networks enhances resource management efficiency, reduces capital and operational expenditures for network operators, and accelerates the deployment of new services. The analysis of existing solutions demonstrated that the adoption of distributed architectures, dynamic network management, and resource orchestration are key factors for the successful development of 5G. Additionally, the article identifies the main challenges related to scalability, security, and the performance of SDN/NFV in mobile networks, which require further research.