Behavioural rebound effects and secondary benefits of sustainability-oriented design

Despite the growing body of research on the role of rebound effects (RE) in offsetting potential environmental gains, understanding of secondary benefits (SB) remains limited. SB are induced behavioural or systemic changes triggered by sustainability-oriented design that strengthen, rather than offset, potential environmental gains. To address this gap, this study aims to uncover the underlying behavioural mechanisms with the aid of a systematic literature review. A total of 59 relevant articles has been selected, resulting in the identification of 17 behavioural SB mechanisms. The mechanisms are clustered into five categories: identity, consistency, efficacy, goals, and motivation. For each mechanism, a definition, explanatory quote, moderator list, and source overview is provided. Although each mechanism is unique, similarities in mediators and moderators suggest an interconnected rather than isolated nature. An evaluation of the research trends indicates an increased number of examined interventions. Nevertheless, limitations regarding the diversity of interventions, the intention-behaviour gap, and self-report bias remain. After interpreting the results, potential connections between SB and RE mechanisms are addressed. This study concludes with three recommendations for research to develop a comprehensive understanding of SB mechanisms. Ultimately, this understanding could contribute to achieving the full environmental potential of sustainability-oriented design and preventing RE.