GULP. II. Hierarchical Distribution and Evolution of Young Stellar Structures in NGC 4449
Abstract We investigate the hierarchical distribution and evolution of young stellar structures in the dwarf starburst galaxy NGC 4449 using data from the GULP survey. By analyzing the spatial distribution of field stars younger than 100 Myr, we identify large-scale stellar complexes and substructures using HDBSCAN—a density-based clustering algorithm—and trace their evolution over time. While comparing these stellar structures in different regions of the galaxy, we find that the central bar-like region shows a clear expansion of the structures within the first ∼60 Myr, while the arm-like structure in the northeast shows no discernible trend, possibly due to external perturbations from tidal interactions with a neighboring galaxy. An age-dependent two-point correlation function (TPCF) analysis shows that young stars exhibit a strong hierarchical distribution, with clustering strength decreasing over time. The power-law slope of the TPCF, which starts at α ∼ 0.65 for stars younger than 5 Myr, shows a slight decline to α ∼ 0.4 for stars older than 50 Myr, though it does not reach a completely flat (random) distribution. This trend indicates a subtle weakening of structural hierarchy among young (<100 Myr) stars, which is primarily driven by internal stellar motions. Future work will extend this analysis to the remaining 26 galaxies in the GULP survey to better constrain the role of the galactic environment in shaping the hierarchical evolution of young stellar populations.
Authors
- Daniela Calzetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5189-8004)
- Elena Sabbi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2954-7643)
- Aida Wofford (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-3428)
- Peter Zeidler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6091-7924)
- Mario Gennaro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-2896)
- Bruce G. Elmegreen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1723-6330)
- Angela Adamo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8192-8091)
- E. K. Grebel
- A. Pasquali (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-5629)
- J. S. Gallagher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8608-0408)
- L. J. Smith (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0806-168X)
- D. M. Elmegreen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1392-3520)
- Varun Bajaj (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8721-1219)
- Ralf S. Klessen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0560-3172)
- Beena Meena (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-2723)
- L. Bianchi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7746-5461)
- J. J. Eldridge (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1722-6343)
- Pietro Facchini
Institutions
- Vassar College (US)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Katonah Museum of Art (US)
- Harvard University Press (US)
- European Space Agency (FR)
- Ensenada Institute of Technology (MX)
- Gemini North Observatory (US)
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (FR)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- AlbaNova (SE)
- NSF NOIRLab (US)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
Publication Details
- Journal
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Published
- 2025-06-25
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add475
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.31