The Human Amniotic Membrane and its Applications in Regenerative Dentistry: An Overview

Abstract Purpose of Review Human amniotic membrane (hAM), derived from human placenta, typically considered biological waste and discarded postpartum, has gained increasing attention in regenerative dentistry due to its unique biologic properties. hAM is increasingly used across a variety of medical fields, with ophthalmology being the most common application. The success of hAM in cell therapy and regenerative medicine has been demonstrated through studies in multiple specialties. This review aims to explore the biological potential of hAM and its current and emerging applications in periodontal and oral regenerative procedures. Recent Findings A growing body of in vitro and in vivo research highlights the regenerative potential of hAM, which is rich in growth factors and extracellular matrix components that support tissue healing. Its immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties, along with low immunogenicity, make it particularly attractive in regenerative therapies. In the context of periodontal and oral regeneration, hAM has been utilized as a graft material, a biologically active barrier membrane, and a scaffold for tissue engineering, contributing to enhanced outcomes in soft and hard tissue regeneration. Animal and human studies have demonstrated its efficacy in procedures such as the treatment of gingival recessions, bone augmentation, and mucosal healing. Summary The human placenta, particularly the amniotic membrane, represents a promising biomaterial for regenerative applications in dentistry, offering advantages such as biocompatibility, wound healing promotion, and ease of availability. However, limitations including the need for skilled handling, uncertainty regarding resorption time, and its fragile nature must be addressed. Continued research and clinical trials are essential to fully understand its clinical effectiveness and overcome existing limitations for broader clinical application.