Reflections and Perspectives on the Determinants for Risk Reduction in Biodiversity, Environment and Health Vulnerabilities Due To Climate Change and Extreme Hydrological Events: An Ecological Framework"

A holistic approach is pertinent for risk reduction to biodiversity, the environment and human health resulting from extreme hydrological events and climate change, land use policy, infrastructure, and community resilience. With reliance on adaptive capacity through training and education, economic stability and inclusive governance, there can be proper resilience to incessant disasters. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and prioritising health spheres and disaster risk management are vital. Extreme weather and climate-associated incidents suppress human health with resultant morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic attendant sequelae. This short communication immensely emphasises human health to explicate and elucidate management of the global scourge associated with the determinants and impact of vulnerabilities to extreme hydrologic events and climate change in the absence of risk reduction and their concomitant sequelae. The most effective approach for risk reduction associated with biodiversity, environmental, and health vulnerabilities due to climate change and extreme hydrological events, an ecological framework must take into cognizance exposure, vulnerability, and resilience. This framework emphasises the significance of understanding the inextricable linkage between ecosystems and human communities are exposed and susceptible to hazards, sensitivity to these hazards, and capacity to cope, adapt and recuperate. Risk reduction incorporates structurally attenuating exposure, strengthening resilience, and sustainably enhancing overall vulnerability management. Extreme weather and climate-associated incidents impinge on human health with consequential morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic challenges and constraints.