Agricultural production, status and expectations

Agriculture is the oldest economic sector in history, it is began at the conclusion of the Ice Age, approximately 14,000–11,000 years ago. In the world over 70% of the population consumes wheat bread. Triticum vulgare or Triticum aestivum is a more widespread type of wheat. Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina are countries that have excellent natural potential to respond to growing needs for food production. During the observed years, the total area arable land in Serbia varied: in 1939, it amounted to 4783656 ha, in the post-war period it was on the rise (in 2010 even 5051000 ha), but today it is declining (3481567 ha in 2020). Cereals and oilseeds have great economic importance in ensuring the food security of the population in the world, in the Republic of Serbia. Bread made from wheat flour contains of 77–78% carbohydrates, 16-17% protein, 1.2–1.5% fat, mineral salts (Ca, P, Fe) and B group vitamins (B1, B2, B3). The yield of small grains is determined by a number of factors, including the number of plants (ears per unit area), the number of grains in an ear, the weight of grains in an ear, and the total weight of grains. These indicators have complex mutual interactions because as one parameter’s value grows, the value of another often drops. Yields vary depending on the from the tillage system, the doses of nutrients provided, the time and method of application, genetics, climatic factors throughout the year and their interactions. Climate change is increasingly affecting fluctuating yields and grain production of all plant species.