The role of socioeconomic and geographic contexts in shaping oral health inequalities: a cross-national analysis

<ns3:p>Background: This study examines the impact of socioeconomic, healthcare access, and environmental factors on oral health inequalities, with a particular focus on the roles of income level, access to dental care, and lifestyle habits such as tobacco and sugar consumption. Aim of the study: The objective of this review paper is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of global health inequalities, with oral health conditions as a case study.Material and methods: A multilevel analytical approach is employed to assess the influence of these determinants on disparities in oral health outcomes and to compare key indicators across populations, including the prevalence of oral diseases and lip and oral cavity cancer. Moreover, an investigation was undertaken into the financial commitments made towards dental care, including the total expenditure on dental care in millions of US dollars and the per capita expenditure on dental care in US dollars.Results: The findings illustrate a strong correlation between socioeconomic factors and healthcare accessibility and oral health inequalities. Populations with lower incomes and limited access to dental care are at significantly higher risk of developing oral diseases and oral cancers. Furthermore, environmental factors, particularly the consumption of tobacco and sugar, contribute to the exacerbation of these disparities. Conclusions: Our analysis highlights a significant imbalance in health expenditures. This research provides crucial insights for policymakers seeking to reduce oral health disparities by addressing both economic and environmental determinants, thereby fostering a more inclusive approach to public health.</ns3:p>