Occupational Health Hazards and Work-Related Factors Among Grain Millers in North Central Nigeria

Grain milling in Nigeria are usually at informal and small-scale in nature which exposes grain millers’ occupational health hazard such as high concentrations of airborne particulate matter, noise, and ergonomic strain. These mills are often characterized with poorly ventilated environments and with limited use of personal protective equipment (PPE). A descriptive cross-sectional survey involving 165 workers across major milling hubs was conducted using structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires. Results revealed high prevalence rates of eye irritation (57.0%), phlegm (54.3%), fatigue (49.1%), cough (38.8%), and shortness of breath (30.9%). Statistical analysis showed significant associations between longer work experience and daily working hours with increased respiratory symptoms (p<0.05), while days worked per week had minimal impact. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved occupational safety practices, including enforced PPE use, ergonomic interventions, and policy-driven health protections to mitigate health risks in the grain milling sector.