Sustainable integration of wind and grid resources for electric vehicles charging in low wind speed region: A techno-economic assessment

• Techno-economic study of wind-grid EV charging in low wind speed regions. • HOMER Pro used to optimize hybrid system performance and configuration. • Battery storage improves reliability during low wind energy availability. • Multivariable sensitivity analysis was conducted for optimal hybrid configuration. • Comparative assessment of CO 2 emissions for different EV load profiles. The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources (RESs) have grown significantly to reduce carbon emissions and meet increasing energy demands. However, most public EV charging stations (EVCSs) rely heavily on the grid, raising concerns about stability and reliability, particularly during peak load periods. Integrating wind energy with the conventional power grid offers a sustainable solution but faces challenges such as intermittency and low wind speed conditions, especially in regions like Malaysia. Optimizing wind turbine (WT) parameters, including hub height, is essential to enhance power generation under such conditions. This study investigated the techno-economic and environmental performance of a hybrid wind-grid system for EVCSs using HOMER software. Two EV load profiles were analyzed: EV Charger 1 (peak-hour consumption) and EV Charger 2 (off-peak load shifting). Battery energy storage was integrated to store excess wind power and ensure reliability during low wind conditions. The simulation included sensitivity analyses of scaled average load, turbine hub height (30 m, 45 m, 60 m), nominal discount rate (3.5 %–5.5 %), and inflation rate (3 %–5 %). The results showed a renewable fraction (RF) of up to 81.23 % (EV Charger 1) and a cost of energy (COE) as low as USD 0.0168/kWh (EV Charger 2. Additionally, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission analysis confirmed significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions compared to grid-only systems. This study demonstrated the feasibility of deploying wind-grid-battery systems for EVCS infrastructure and highlighted the importance of load profile management and optimized turbine selection in low wind speed regions.