Assessing brushite-polyphosphate nanocomposites as nanofertilizers for improved phosphorus use efficiency in maize

Phosphorus (P) inefficiency in conventional fertilizers poses a critical challenge to sustainable agriculture and global food security. This study introduces brushite-polyphosphate (DCPD-PolyP) nanofertilizers as a novel, high-efficiency alternative to enhance phosphorus availability, micronutrient uptake, and maize productivity. Advanced characterization using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the amorphous nanostructure of brushite-polyphosphate (50–100 nm), while inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy revealed high phosphorus (22.72%) and reduced calcium (18.66%) content in the composite. In greenhouse trials, maize treated with DCPD-PolyP at full concentration (C1) exhibited 170% higher root biomass (12.783 g), 240% greater shoot biomass (29.090 g), and 42% increased plant height (136.83 cm) compared to controls, outperforming traditional triple superphosphate (TSP) and unmodified DCPD. Notably, P uptake surged by 280% (5.434 g at C1), with phosphorus use efficiency peaking at 56.93 under reduced doses. Soil Olsen-P levels reached 61.930 mg kg -1 (C2), significantly exceeding TSP and control treatments. Remarkably, DCPD-PolyP enhanced bioavailability of key micronutrients (Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn) in both plants and soil, demonstrating dual benefits for crop nutrition and soil health. These results highlight DCPD-PolyP’s potential to revolutionize nutrient management in agriculture, bridging the gap between advanced material science and sustainable food production by optimizing resource efficiency. • 60% PolyP + phosphoric acid forms amorphous nanoscale DCPD-PolyP (50–100 nm). • Boosts maize biomass, phosphorus uptake, and use efficiency vs. conventional fertilizers. • Lower rates match/exceed yields of conventional fertilizers, cutting application rates without losing productivity. • Enables co-absorption of calcium, magnesium, and key micronutrients from soil.