<i>In vivo</i> structured illumination ophthalmoscopy demonstration on the human retina using adaptive optics

Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is one of the most versatile super-resolution techniques. Yet, its application to high-resolution live imaging has been mainly limited to fluorescent and stationary specimens. Here, we present advancements in SIM to jointly tackle all the challenges of imaging living samples, <i>i.e.</i>, obtaining super-resolution over an undistorted wide-field while dealing with sample motion, multiple scattering, sample-induced optical aberrations, and low signal-to-noise ratio. By using adaptive optics to compensate for optical aberrations and a reconstruction algorithm tailored for moving and thick tissue, we successfully apply SIM to <i>in vivo</i> retinal imaging and demonstrate structured illumination ophthalmoscopy with optical sectioning and resolution improvement for <i>in vivo</i> imaging of the human retina.