A Comparative Study of PID, FOPID, and TID Controllers Using Harris Hawk Optimization for Load Frequency Control of Renewable Energy Grids in Deregulated Environments

The integration of wind and solar power is a promising alternative to conventional energy sources. However, their unpredictable nature can cause synchronization issues in the power grid. Automatic Generation Control (AGC) helps manage frequency fluctuations in such systems. This paper evaluates the performance of Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), Fractional order PID (FOPID), and Tilt Integral Derivative (TID) controllers in a two-area test system that includes thermal, hydro, solar (PV), and wind power under a deregulated environment. The analysis demonstrates that the proposed Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO)-based TID controller outperforms conventional controllers by reducing peak overshoot, undershoot, and settling time while improving system stability. These results confirm the effectiveness of the HHO-TID controller for Load Frequency Control (LFC) in hybrid energy systems.