Sex-related vocal attributes and specificities of the female voice

Sex-specific morphological differences in the three main subsystems of the vocal apparatus—respiratory, oscillatory, and resonatory—affect both the production and the perception of voice. Thus, these differences should be considered by all who care about the voice and are here explored. Special attention is given to the female voice because, besides the impacts of sex steroid hormones (i.e., estrogens, progesterone and testosterone) on voice function, the variability in concentrations of these hormones across female’s biological reproductive development is considerably greater as compared to males (Lã & Ardura, 2022). Note that here, female/ male is referred to the sex at birth.