Edible domestic animal blood products for biomedical and disease treatment applications

• The multiple functions of livestock blood were discussed. • A review of the separation methods for some active substances in livestock blood was presented. • Summarizes the intervention and mechanism of action of livestock blood on certain diseases. Edible blood products from domestic livestock are high-value derivatives produced during slaughter, with significant potential in biomedicine and disease treatment. Livestock blood is rich in proteins, peptides, iron, vitamins and other bioactive substances. Among them, functional proteins and peptides have been widely studied for their prominent roles in drug delivery, immune regulation, anti-infection and antioxidation. They significantly impact cancer treatment and immune regulation, providing valuable resources for innovation in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The development and utilization of livestock blood products offer innovative solutions for disease treatment and promote the sustainable development of the food and pharmaceutical industries by reducing the environmental burden of blood waste. However, challenges such as the complexity of blood composition, the variability of bioactive compound effectiveness, and the need for advanced purification techniques limit their broader applications. Additionally, regulatory and safety concerns must be addressed for therapeutic suitability. This review highlights the recent advancements in the biomedical applications of livestock blood products in biomedicine, addressing these challenges and emphasizing their potential to reduce environmental waste and promote sustainable development. This review consolidates current knowledge to provide a foundation for future research, fostering innovation in disease intervention and therapy while addressing utilization barriers.