Enabling Partitionable and Combinable Object Tracking on Blockchain

Traditional centralized traceability systems face security risks and information credibility issues, while existing blockchain-based solutions struggle with object partitioning and combination in complex supply chains. This paper proposes a blockchain-based Non-Fungible, Partitionable, and Combinable Object (NFPCO) traceability framework to address scenarios involving multi-source and complex assembly processes. We present a formal definition and triple model for NFPCOs, along with a lightweight traceability and auditing method supporting <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$O(\log N)$</tex> complexity for partition-combination verification and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$O(1)$</tex> complexity for state change verification. The framework is implemented in a consortium blockchain environment, enhancing system efficiency and reducing storage costs through underlying architecture extensions and efficient indexing mechanisms. The framework is implemented in a consortium blockchain environment, leveraging underlying architecture extensions and efficient indexing mechanisms to enhance system efficiency and reduce storage costs. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach provides verifiable traceability paths with low overhead, offering an effective solution for complex supply chain management and product traceability in scenarios requiring frequent partitioning and combination of objects.