Fourth industrial revolutionary: an attachment-theoretical approach to the life and career of Elon Musk

By the mid-2020s, Elon Reeve Musk (1971-) became the world's wealthiest man despite a tumultuous upbringing at the hands of his father Errol Musk. The article utilized attachment theory and psychobiographical methods to tell the story of Musk's rise to become an archetypal Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) success story. The study concluded that Musk, whose childhood was dominated by a father whom he described as 'evil', may have developed an anxious-avoidant attachment style. On the positive side, this detached mode of interpersonal relating has allowed Musk to make business decisions relatively free from emotional bias. On the negative side, Musk's standoffishness has often caused friction in his familial and romantic relationships.