Religious branches of Buddhism: Humanistic Buddhism in Taiwan (China)

This article explores the emergence and evolution of the Humanistic Buddhism movement, examining its response to the social and cultural transformations of the contemporary era. The main objective of the movement is to modernize and humanize Buddhist practice in China and Taiwan by reinterpreting the core doctrines of traditional Buddhism in accordance with modern societal needs. By analyzing the historical development of Humanistic Buddhism in Taiwan, the article demonstrates how this movement has contributed to the formation of a socially engaged and accessible form of Buddhism that resonates with modern life. In addition, the study compares the unique cultural inclusivity and social universality of Buddhism with other world religions, highlighting its exceptional adaptability to various cultural contexts. The scientific significance of the work lies in uncovering the formation processes of socially active and culturally inclusive forms of Buddhism. Its practical value is reflected in the justification of this movement’s influence on contemporary religious studies, cultural studies, and sociology. The research employs comparative-analytical methods and historical-cultural analysis. The main findings include the role of Humanistic Buddhism in Taiwanese society, its compatibility with modern lifestyles, and its influence on the cultural and religious traditions of the population. Particular attention is paid to Buddhism’s social universality and its capacity to adapt to diverse cultural environments. The authors emphasize Buddhism’s greater potential for adaptation compared to other world religions. By considering this adaptability, the study reveals how Humanistic Buddhism contributes to a deeper understanding of the interaction between religion and culture in Taiwanese society and underscores its transformative role in the modern world. The results illustrate the potential of religion in promoting social integration, shaping cultural identity, and fostering societal stability, thereby characterizing Humanistic Buddhism as a significant phenomenon among contemporary religious movements. Keywords: Buddhism in Taiwan, Humanistic Buddhism, Modernization, Cultural Tolerance, Society