Re-emergence of anthrax in Nigeria: A public health threat– epidemiological insights from Niger and Lagos States.

Anthrax, a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, had not been reported in Nigeria since December 31, 2004. However, its re-emergence poses challenges due to the bacterium's persistence in soil and animal products. On July 13, 2023, a suspected bovine anthrax case was reported in Niger State. The laboratory confirmation followed on July 17, 2023, at the National Reference Laboratory, Plateau State. Among 29 animals, 10 were infected, with six deaths in a flock of sheep. A second outbreak occurred on July 17, 2023, at Marina and Central Abattoir Oko-oba Agege, affecting nine sheep and one camel. Six sheep died, yielding a mortality rate of 42.9%. The NVRI, Jos confirmed this outbreak on July 25, 2023. Despite containment efforts, another outbreak was reported on January 17, 2024, in Lagos State, involving 16 cattle, five confirmed cases, and four deaths (CFR: 80%). Between 2023 and 2024, Nigeria recorded 1,352 suspected anthrax cases, with 53 confirmed cases and 40 deaths. In 2023 alone, 1,336 suspected cases led to 48 confirmed cases and 36 deaths (CFR: 75%). In contrast, 2024 saw 16 suspected cases, five confirmed, and four deaths (CFR: 80%). The resurgence underscores the need for a One Health approach integrating human, animal, and environment. Stronger coordination among stakeholders is essential to prevent further outbreaks and protection of public health.