Horror as a Fundamental Philosophical Category in Dostoevsky’s Work (Based on the Novel The Double)

When it comes to horror as a fundamental philosophical category, it is important to consider a number of aspects. Firstly, the difference between fear and horror is not quantitative, i.e. it is wrong to perceive horror as an accumulation of fear. Turning to such philosophers as Kierkegaard and Heidegger, who paid attention in their works to the distinction between fear and horror, we will see that the former always has a definite basis, i.e., it will be rational and motivated, while the latter will not have a specific source as a reason and, therefore, will be irrational in nature. Secondly, European philosophy conceptualizes horror as the result of the impact of the world on humanity. Accordingly, within the framework of Western philosophy, horror has an ontological dimension and is embedded in the general trend of deanthropologization of thought. The Russian intellectual tradition perceives horror as the result of the encounter with oneself, which means that it becomes legitimate to talk not only about the axiological dimension of horror, but also about its anthropologization. Analyzing the double in Dostoevsky, we conclude that the horror of a split person is caused by the fact that, as a result of turning to themselves, they are faced with their double, with their own non-existence and with the absence of their place in the world. Being terrified of themselves as something that is not built into the order of the present, a person gropes for the truly human in themselves, i.e., what allows us to declare their ontological otherness in relation to the world. In addition, this will entail a new understanding of the double as a phenomenon.