The orthopedic surgeon’s guide to statistics: interpreting research with confidence

This study provides an accessible guide to fundamental statistical principles for orthope- dic surgeons, essential for interpreting research and applying evidence-based practices. Using a hypothetical study comparing robotic-assisted total knee replacement (RTKR) to conventional knee replacement (CKR), we demonstrate key statistical concepts like variability, hypothesis testing, and confidence intervals. We explain common errors, such as Type 1 and Type 2 errors, and strategies to address them. The paper covers statisti- cal tests like t-tests, ANOVA, and regression, and examines how study quality and bias impact findings. This guide helps surgeons critically evaluate research to enhance clinical decision-making and contribute to orthopedic advancements.