“Bị” and “Được” as Cultural Markers in the Vietnamese Language: A Cultural Linguistic Study

Vietnamese passive constructions have long captivated researchers in the field of linguistics. While a considerable body of work exists, most studies predominantly focus on the syntactic and lexical contributions of the passive markers “bị” and “được”. This prevailing emphasis often overlooks the profound cultural underpinnings that shape their usage. Moving beyond a purely grammatical lens, this study delves into the cultural significance of “bị” and “được” to explore how these passive markers not only reflect but also actively shape Vietnamese cultural values. Drawing upon the theoretical frameworks of cultural linguistics and social constructionist theory, our research undertakes a comprehensive analysis of “bị” and “được” across a diverse range of contexts. This includes rich narratives from traditional Vietnamese folktales, providing insights into historical linguistic patterns, as well as nuanced observations from contemporary everyday conversations, capturing current communicative practices. The findings reveal that “bị” and “được” are far more than mere grammatical tools; they subtly encode core Vietnamese cultural values related to agency, responsibility, face, social harmony, and the pervasive concept of fate. This investigation distinctly highlights the unique nature of Vietnamese passive constructions when contrasted with those found in other languages. This research has significant implications for language education and translation. For learners of Vietnamese, grasping the cultural nuances of “bị” and “được” is essential for developing cultural competence. Similarly, for Vietnamese learners of English, recognizing these inherent cultural differences can bridge communication gaps, particularly in translation. Ultimately, this understanding will promote more effective intercultural communication.