Systematization of Air and Gas Cleaning Devices Using Liquid Media for Dust Capture and Pollutant Absorption

The article presents a classification of air and gas cleaning devices that utilize water or aqueous solutions for dust capture and absorption of harmful gaseous pollutants. A systematization of wet gas purification units is proposed based on their operating principles, mechanisms of impurity capture, and the structure of the liquid phase involved in the cleaning process. Six main groups of apparatuses are identified: packed scrubbers, cyclone-water devices, centrifugal sprayers, foam-based units, turbulent washers, and condensation-based systems. Each type is briefly described in terms of its operation, advantages, and limitations. Particular attention is given to the role of circulating absorption liquid in maintaining process stability and cleaning efficiency. It has been shown that the effectiveness of wet gas purification devices largely depends on the correctly selected method of dispersion and circulation of the absorption medium, which does not deprive the collection function, but also stabilizes the operation of the system. In the practical section, an analysis of a marine gas-cleaning unit (scrubber) implemented on a ship using the Wärtsilä system is provided. The construction features, operating mode, and key temperature and hydrodynamic parameters of exhaust gas treatment with high sulfur oxide content are described. Examples of monitoring and control system visualization are presented. The results obtained, along with the generalized classification, may serve as a basis for selecting effective equipment solutions in industrial or transport applications where air or gas purification using a liquid phase is required.