Towards understanding the global distribution of deep-seated gravitational deformations: a study of geological influences and spatial patterns

Abstract Large-scale deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSDs) are widespread in mountainous regions, yet a comprehensive understanding of their global distribution and the geological controls influencing their occurrence remains limited. This study presents a global inventory of DSGSDs, compiled from 565 documented cases across 244 publications. The dataset, which includes information on lithology, tectonic regime, kinematics, and displacement trends, reveals a strong correlation between DSGSDs and mountainous terrains with favorable structural, tectonic, and lithological conditions. The analysis identifies several primary regions with high concentrations of documented DSGSDs, including the Alps, Apennines, Carpathians, Scandinavian Mountains, Pyrenees, Tian Shan and Rocky Mountains. Europe and Asia account for the majority of documented cases, while regions like Australia, Antarctica, and parts of Africa and South America remain significantly underrepresented. A detailed evaluation of the spatial distribution highlights regional disparities, with notable clustering in specific areas such as the Western Alps and Central Apennines. Findings underscore the influence of lithological, tectonic and structural settings on DSGSD occurrence and emphasize the need for advanced methodologies to address existing limitations. The study emphasizes the need for further research, particularly in underrepresented regions, to improve the understanding of DSGSDs and their geomorphological significance. The findings provide critical insights for hazard assessment and landscape evolution science, contributing to the development of more targeted and effective management strategies for DSGSDs globally.