Kaolin clay for sustainable olive growing: Biophysical protection and environmental compatibility

Olive cultivation faces increasing challenges from environmental stressors such as extreme heat, water scarcity, and pest infestations, especially the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae). Kaolin clay, a naturally occurring aluminum silicate mineral, has gained prominence as an eco-friendly solution in sustainable agriculture. This review explores the diverse functions of kaolin particle film applications in olive production, emphasizing its physical barrier properties against pests, its role in mitigating physiological stress, and its compatibility with organic farming systems. Kaolin reduces oviposition and feeding behaviors in B. oleae, limits pest mobility, and demonstrates synergistic effects when combined with biopesticides and pheromone traps. Moreover, kaolin enhances olive oil quality by preserving phenolic compounds, enhancing oxidative stability, and positively influencing aroma profiles. The review also examines kaolin’s impact on beneficial insects, plant anatomy, and transpiration regulation, highlighting its potential in climate-resilient agriculture. Regional effectiveness and optimal application strategies under varying climatic conditions are discussed, alongside economic evaluations and future recommendations for integrated pest management. Overall, kaolin emerges as a strategic input for sustainable olive growing, offering multifaceted benefits in ecological protection, crop quality, and adaptation to climate change.