Molecular epidemiological and spatiotemporal analysis of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in cattle from Karnataka, India

These findings emphasize that, despite vaccination success, persistent hotspots and vulnerable cattle groups remain. Therefore, region-specific strategies such as targeted vector control, robust molecular surveillance, and GIS-based early outbreak alerts are necessary for LSD control in endemic regions. This study also highlights how the integration of combining molecular diagnostics, epidemiological modeling, and spatial analytics can strengthen LSD surveillance and redefine disease control strategies, ultimately mitigating its socio-economic impact.