Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs): A Key Enabler for Smart Transportation Systems and Challenges

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are a specialized subset of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) designed to facilitate data exchange between vehicles and infrastructure. These networks operate in two primary modes: Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, which is decentralized and mobile, and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication, which is centralized and relies on Road Side Units (RSUs). VANETs play a crucial role in Smart City applications, particularly in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), which enhance road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and minimize environmental impact by leveraging real-time data collected from vehicle sensors. The unique characteristics of VANETs, such as high mobility and dynamic topology, enable critical functionalities like collision detection, traffic management, and emergency response coordination. Public service entities, including traffic police, ambulances, and firefighters, benefit significantly from VANETs by receiving real-time alerts and optimizing response times. However, several challenges hinder the widespread deployment of VANETs, including high vehicle speeds, data transmission delays, and cybersecurity concerns. Addressing these challenges is essential to fully realizing the potential of VANETs as a transformative technology in modern transportation systems.