Religious paternalism: Ayatollahs’ role in Twelver Shi‘i society since the nineteenth century in Iraq

Any act or discourse that restricts or interferes with an individual’s freedom or involves decision-making on their behalf is often perceived as paternalistic behaviour, particularly when justified by rationality for the benefit of the individual. Over the past two centuries, Ayatollahs have been observed to play a paternalistic role in governing the Shi‘i community. This research examines the paternalistic relationship between Ayatollahs and the Shi‘i community. Utilizing a review methodology and diverse sources, the study explores the Uṣūlis Twelver Shi‘i as a paternalistic structure governed by the principles of Uṣūl al-Fiqh . The findings suggest that the foundational thought of Shi‘i ideology is inherently paternalistic, with Ayatollahs acting as legitimate agents of theology and legal legislators within the sect. They exert influence through Taqlid , which involves interfering with individual freedom for the benefit of others or making decisions on their behalf based on religious authority.