Real Time Mining—A Review of Developments Within the Last Decade

Real-time mining (RTM) has become increasingly significant in response to the growing need for sustainable mineral resource extraction, driven by global population growth and technological progress. This innovative approach addresses critical challenges, such as declining ore grades, deeper and less accessible deposits, and rising energy costs, by integrating advanced online grade monitoring, data analysis, and process optimization. By employing real-time grade control, dynamic mine planning, and production optimization, it enhances the efficiency of resource extraction while minimizing environmental and social impacts. Originally proposed about a decade ago, RTM has gained attention for its potential to revolutionize the industry. This review examines recent advancements in closed-loop concepts, emphasizing the integration of advanced sensors and data analytics to enable continuous monitoring and adaptive decision making across the mining value chain. It highlights the role of online sensor technologies in providing high-resolution data for process optimization and evaluates various mining optimization techniques. The paper also explores data assimilation methods, such as Kalman filters and artificial intelligence (AI), showcasing their ability to continuously update models and reduce operational uncertainties. Ultimately, it proposes a comprehensive framework for adaptive, data-driven mining operations that promote sustainable development, enhance profitability, and improve decision-making capabilities.