Integrative role of Ayurvedic phytochemicals in cancer treatment: Targeting signaling pathways, boosting chemosensitivity, and utilizing traditional therapeutics

Abstract Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality, necessitating innovative approaches that integrate phytochemicals, modern oncology, and Ayurvedic medicine. This review explores key signaling pathways targeted by bioactive compounds, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, PI3K/Akt, and JAK/STAT, highlighting tumor suppression and apoptosis-inducing mechanisms. Phytochemicals such as curcumin, anthocyanins, and stilbene-based derivatives exhibit significant anticancer potential by modulating oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Ayurvedic formulations such as Triphala , Chyavanaprasha , and Amritaprasham offer multi-targeted benefits, including radioprotection and immune modulation. Additionally, adaptogenic herbs like Ashwagandha and cytotoxic compounds from Andrographis paniculata and Tabernaemontana divaricata exhibit promising anti-tumor activity. The synergy between Ayurvedic principles, psychoneuroimmunology, and modern therapeutics provides a holistic approach to cancer treatment. Furthermore, the role of apoptosis-related genes such as Livinβ and MRP1 in chemoresistance underscores the need for novel combinatory strategies to enhance therapeutic efficacy. This review bridges traditional and modern perspectives, emphasizing the translational potential of integrative cancer therapy.