Exploring herbal therapeutics against E. coli O157:H7: pathogenicity, disease and natural remedies

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a highly virulent foodborne pathogen linked to life-threatening conditions such as hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, primarily due to the production of Shiga toxins (stx1 and stx2). Conventional treatments face limitations from rising resistance and safety concerns. This review paper explores the epidemiology, transmission routes, virulence factors, and biocontrol strategies using antimicrobial activity of medicinal plan extracts. Phytochemicals and essential oils derived from medicinal plants offer a promising alternative. Compounds such as thymol, eugenol, allicin, cinnamaldehyde, and catechins target key virulence mechanisms by disrupting quorum sensing, inhibiting toxin production, preventing adhesion, and dismantling biofilms. Notably, plant extracts from Allium sativum, Punica granatum, Curcuma longa, and Camellia sinesis demonstrate significant inhibitory effects against E. coli O157:H7 and may enhance antibiotic efficacy through synergistic action. These natural agents represent sustainable, resistance-free strategy for pathogen control, offering new avenues for safer food systems and improved public health outcomes.