Effectiveness of integrated learning, problem-based learning, and direct learning models on HOTS in badminton

Introduction: Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) are needed by students in higher education as a provision for them to enter the world of work, therefore it is important for every student to master HOTS well, including physical education students at Universitas Negeri Padang. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of integrated learning models, problem-based and direct instruction on students' HOTS development. Methodology: This study used pretest-posttest control group design. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling so that 62 students were obtained. This study used HOTS instrument consisting of 15 questions. Data analysis was conducted using paired sample t test and ANOVA test. Results: The results of the paired sample t test analysis of pre-test and post-test data showed that the three learning models had a p-value <0.05 (hypothesis accepted) and based on the ANOVA test (testing the effectiveness of the learning model) obtained a p-value> 0.05 (hypothesis rejected). Discussion: Although the integrated learning model and problem-based learning explicitly guide students to analyze and solve problems, a well-planned direct instruction model can also develop students' HOTS as well as integrated and problem-based learning models. Conclusions: Integrated learning, problem-based learning and direct instruction models provide significant improvements to students' HOTS, but the improvements of the three models are not significantly different.