Toxoplasmosis in patient underwent stem cell transplantation, bone marrow transplantation due to multiple myeloma

Abstract Introduction Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii , is a widespread zoonotic disease, with an estimated 50% of the global population exposed to the pathogen. While the majority of infections remain asymptomatic, individuals with compromised immune systems, such as transplant recipients, pregnant women, and neonates, are particularly vulnerable to severe manifestations. One of the most serious complications in such populations is ocular toxoplasmosis, which can lead to inflammatory eye conditions such as retinitis and choroiditis, collectively known as chorioretinitis. Materials and Methods This case study presents a 53-year-old female patient who experienced a reactivation of ocular toxoplasmosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. The patient developed inflammatory retinal changes that significantly affected her vision. Prompt diagnosis and targeted treatment markedly improved visual acuity and reduced the limitation of inflammatory lesions. Results In preventing toxoplasmosis, it may be beneficial to consider ophthalmologic examinations for patients before scheduled hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, both for recipients and donors. Conclusions The case underscores the importance of early detection and intervention in immunosuppressed patients to prevent long-term complications such as vision loss. It also highlights the value of preventive measures, including serological testing and ophthalmologic evaluation before stem cell transplantation. Such strategies are essential for identifying latent infections and mitigating the risk of reactivation in high-risk individuals.