Prevalence of Coccidia and Other Intestinal Parasites in Indigenous Sheep ( <i>Ovis aries</i> ) in an Agricultural Area in Central Nepal

<b>Introduction:</b> Sheep, the multifaceted small ruminants, are vital for meat, milk, wool, manure, skins, and transportation. However, various factors often threaten their sustainability, particularly in lowland areas. Notably, diseases caused by intestinal parasites, particularly coccidian and other helminths, highlight the crucial need for strategic health management in sheep farming. <b>Aims:</b> This study aimed to assess the prevalence and diversity of coccidian and other intestinal parasites in indigenous sheep reared in smallholder farms in the lowlands of Nepal. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 160 fresh fecal samples with age and sex variants were collected via noninvasive techniques. These samples were macroscopically inspected for fecal consistency and transferred to the research laboratory for microscopic examination. <b>Results:</b> It showed a 96.3% prevalence and 26 diverse species of intestinal parasites involving coccidia (84.4%; 12 species), other protozoa (65.6%; 4 species), and helminths (78.1%; 10 species). The prevalence of protozoa (94.4%) was higher than that of helminths (78.1%). Compared to other groups, adults (100%) and female sheep (96.6%) had a higher prevalence rate of intestinal parasites. Additionally, concomitant infection (92.5%) was more common than monoparasitism (3.6%). Notably, sheep with grazing opportunities, thin and weak musculature, mixed domestication with livestock, unknown deworming history, and resting on mud showed higher positive cases. <b>Conclusions:</b> The indigenous sheep in central Nepal are significantly affected by a high prevalence and a wide variety of coccidian and other intestinal parasites. Many of these parasites are associated with severe health conditions and can lead to the death of sheep. Therefore, implementing strategic medication and training programs on healthy rearing practices for local farmers is of utmost importance.