Formation of civil society as a problem of Russian civilization: a combination of traditions and modern values

The aim of the research is a comprehensive analysis of the problems of civil society formation in Russia, taking into account its civilizational specificity. The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the emergence of civil society, analyzing various approaches to its understanding and the peculiarities of its development in the Russian context. Conclusions. Based on a study of a wide range of contemporary research, it is revealed that mechanical copying of Western institutions without consideration of national specifics is ineffective. Special attention is paid to the historical prerequisites and socio-cultural factors that define the uniqueness of the Russian path in the development of civil institutions. Current issues of interaction between the state and society, the role of non-profit organizations, and local self-government in fostering civic engagement are discussed. A detailed analysis of modern trends in public initiatives, the volunteer movement, and philanthropy is conducted as important components in the formation of civil society. Particular emphasis is placed on studying the impact of digitalization on the transformation of social ties and the emergence of new forms of civic activity. The research indicates the necessity of developing a unique model of civil society that considers both Russian traditions of collective identity and community as well as contemporary democratic values. It is determined that the key factors for the successful development of civil society in Russia are: the integration of ethnic and confessional communities through the activation of their traditional potential, the formation of a strong middle class, and a rethinking of the role of the state towards a balance between centralized governance and public self-organization.