Research Progress on the Effects of Different Implant Materials on Osseointegration

Successful dental implantation fundamentally relies on effective osseointegration, wherein the choice of implant material plays a critical role. Currently, a wide range of implant materials are used in clinical practice, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. The intrinsic properties of these materials—such as elastic modulus, surface characteristics, and biocompatibility—profoundly influence the stress distribution at the implant-bone interface, cellular responses, and the progression of osseointegration. This study aims to systematically analyze and summarize the performance and osseointegration capacity of various implant materials, thereby identifying their respective advantages and limitations in promoting bone integration. A review of domestic and international literature indicates that titanium alloys demonstrate superior osseointegration efficiency compared to commercially pure titanium. Ceramic implants, such as those made from zirconia, exhibit comparable osseointegration performance to titanium alloys, while offering additional benefits in terms of mechanical strength and aesthetic properties. Although polyetheretherketone (PEEK) shows relatively limited innate osseointegration capacity, surface modification techniques and the development of bioactive composites have been shown to enhance its bioactivity to varying degrees. Further investigation is warranted to optimize PEEK-based materials for clinical applications.