The use of invertebrates in biotechnology: medicinal leeches, silkworms, bees

The article summarizes current trends in the biotechnological use of invertebrate animals, particularly medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis), silkworms (Bombyx mori), and honey bees (Apis mellifera).It examines the bioactive substances produced by these organisms and analyzes their potential applications in medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetological, and bioengineering fields.Special attention is given to hirudotherapy -a method of treatment using the secretion of leech salivary glands, which contains enzymes with anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial properties.The role of hirudotherapy in microsurgery and aesthetic medicine is also highlighted.The modern use of silk proteins-fibroin and sericin-in the development of biocompatible and biodegradable materials for tissue engineering, controlled drug release, wound healing, as well as in dental and ophthalmological practice is described.The article also emphasizes the prospects for using bioactive silk peptides in pharmaceutical and cosmetic developments.The potential of apitherapy -a biotechnological approach based on the therapeutic properties of bee products (honey, propolis, wax, apitoxin, royal jelly) is revealed.Scientific data are provided on their antiseptic, regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects.Their potential use in the creation of medicinal and cosmetic products is assessed.The article presents the results of current studies confirming the effectiveness and promise of using invertebrate animals as sources of biologically active substances and technological solutions in modern biotechnology.The summarized data can serve as a foundation for further interdisciplinary research and the implementation of innovations in medical practice.