Comparative bio-efficacy of botanical and chemical pesticides against leaf-eating caterpillars (Artona chorista Jordan) in large cardamom fields of Bhojpur

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is a high-value cash crop widely cultivated in Nepal, playing a significant role in rural livelihoods and national export earnings. The bio-efficacy of various botanical and chemical pesticides in managing the leaf-eating caterpillar, a major pest causing severe economic loss in cardamom fields, was evaluated in Bhojpur-10, Bhaisipankha, under the PMAMP cardamom zone. The experiment, conducted from March to April, utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven treatments: Dadaguard Plus (Neem seed kernel, Azadirachtin 2.00% W/W), Neem oil, Tobacco extract, Cypermethrin 10% EC, Imidacloprid 17.8% SL, Emamectin benzoate 5% SG, and a water control. Each treatment was replicated three times, and pesticides were applied twice at 15-day intervals. Findings revealed that Imidacloprid 17.8% SL, Cypermethrin 10% EC, and Emamectin benzoate 5% SG were the most effective chemical treatments, achieving rapid and near-complete suppression of larval populations and leaf damage. Among botanical options, Dadaguard Plus emerged as the most effective bio-pesticide, significantly reducing caterpillar damage, while Neem oil and Tobacco extract showed moderate efficacy. These findings underscore the potential for integrating eco-friendly botanical pesticides with chemical options for sustainable pest management. Government support through subsidies and quality agro-inputs is crucial to empower farmers and ensure the sustainability of cardamom production.