Optimizing smart grid flexibility with a hybrid MINLP framework for renewable integration in urban energy systems

Urban grids face the challenge of expanding renewable deployment while curbing emissions and minimizing the capital burden of network reinforcements, all of which depend on effective flexibility integration. A hybrid optimization framework is introduced, combining Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming with a reformulated MILP structure to jointly size photovoltaic systems, battery storage, staged network upgrades, and the dynamic participation of electric vehicles as both load and distributed storage. Thousands of EV constraints are consolidated through a polytope-based approach, and reinforcement costs are captured using a piece-wise linear model tailored to feeder capacity increments. Application to the Tuwaiq Smart City network, covering 3780 households, employs one-minute resolution data for 2024 to benchmark five operational schemes: No Flexibility, Demand Response, Smart Charging, Vehicle-to-Grid, and Integrated Decentralised Energy Management (IDEM). Compared with the baseline, IDEM achieves a 43.8 % reduction in annualised system cost, 46 % decrease in peak imports, and capacity cuts of 75 % and 82 % for PV and storage respectively, alongside a 65 % drop in grid integration expenses. A Monte Carlo test of 150 runs confirms cost stability within ±6 %, validating the robustness of layered flexibility under stochastic solar and mobility profiles. Solving across a full-year span is achieved within minutes on standard hardware, confirming the framework’s practical value for strategic energy planning