GDF-15 upregulates the SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling axis and promotes mitoxantrone resistance in AML cells

Chemotherapy resistance poses a significant challenge in the initial treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) has been shown to play a critical role in cancer progression; however, the potential mechanisms by which GDF-15 contributes to AML progression and chemotherapy resistance remain unclear. We found that M2 macrophages secrete high levels of GDF-15, promoting resistance of AML cells to mitoxantrone (MTX). Furthermore, we demonstrated that MTX induces downregulation of the SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling axis in AML cells, mediating ferroptosis. GDF-15 enhances the expression of the SLC7A11/GPX4 axis, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis in AML cells and contributing to drug resistance. In addition, GDF-15 mitigates the decline in mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial quality induced by MTX. In vivo experiments indicate that blocking GDF-15 effectively enhances the sensitivity of AML cells to mitoxantrone by reducing the expression of the SLC7A11/GPX4 axis.