Book review: Shadow education in the Middle East: Private supplementary tutoring and its policy implications

This book is a comprehensive overview of the impact that private tutoring--or shadow education--has in the Middle East, a region where educational equity issues are increasingly pressing.Grounded in empirical evidence gathered from UNESCOdistributed questionnaires and enriched by stakeholder engagement and contributions, the study serves as a key resource for understanding this phenomenon.The impact of private tutoring has perplexed many academics, politicians and school systems for over two decades, raising questions about its nature and influence (Baker et al., 2001; Bray, 1999;